Top 10 Dog and Cat Health Issues

Reviewed by Dr. Fiona Lee

No one wants to see their precious dog or cat get sick, but every pet owner will face this reality at some point in their pet's life. However, if you know what health issues your pet is most likely to face, you can recognize the warning signs faster. And if you already have pet insurance, you'll have something to fall back on if your furry friend needs a treatment that would otherwise be expensive.

Early detection and regular veterinarian appointments make all the difference in keeping your pet healthy. This guide will help you understand the most common health issues your dog or cat might face, the symptoms to watch for, and what to expect after a diagnosis.

Top 10 common dog diseases

From allergies to diabetes, dogs may face a range of health issues. Here's a look at the most common ones.

1. Canine heartworm disease

Dogs can pick up heartworms from infected mosquitoes. Symptoms can include coughing, trouble breathing, weakness or lethargy, and can sometimes turn life-threatening. Keep in mind that the disease can sometimes remain silent for years before symptoms appear, and by then it might be too late to treat safely. The good news is that you can easily prevent heartworms by giving your dog preventive heartworm medication recommended by your veterinarian.¹

2. Parvovirus

Canine parvovirus is a serious, highly contagious disease of puppies and unvaccinated dogs. If not treated, it can turn lethal just two or three days after symptoms start. The resilient virus can be transmitted through contact with infected dogs, surfaces, objects or feces—even via a person's hands or clothing.²

Symptoms include bloating, severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, high fever or low body temperature or appetite loss. See your veterinarian immediately if you notice any of these symptoms. Your dog will need intensive care, IV fluids and possibly antibiotics for secondary infections.²

The best treatment is prevention via a series of vaccinations recommended by your veterinarian, along with periodic boosters. Typically, puppies get their first vaccine in the series at six to eight weeks of age.²

3. Kennel cough

Kennel cough is a general term that covers a variety of viruses or bacteria that cause similar symptoms, like Bordetella, canine parainfluenza and canine adenovirus type 2. The key symptom is a cough that's usually hacking or dry, and is sometimes accompanied by gagging, retching or mouth frothing. Coughing often gets worse with exercise.³

While many cases are mild and resolve on their own in about a week, more severe cases can lead to fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, pneumonia or other serious complications. It's important to see your veterinarian if you notice symptoms.³

4. Arthritis

Unfortunately, many large-breed dogs or dogs who are overweight are more likely to develop arthritis at some point in their lives. Symptoms can include:⁴

• Reluctance or trouble with stairs, standing up, lying down or jumping
• Stiff movements
• Slower walking
• Pain when affected body parts are touched

Your veterinarian may recommend weight loss, pain medications, anti-inflammatories, rehabilitation, surgery or supplements, depending on the situation.⁴

5. Diabetes

Like humans with Type 1 diabetes, dogs can develop diabetes too. And just like with humans, the condition can be life-threatening if not treated. Symptoms can include increased urination, excessive thirst or weight loss. It can also sometimes include an increased appetite, vomiting or lethargy.⁵

If you notice these symptoms, take your dog to the veterinarian. Treatment may include a special diet, exercise or insulin injections. Obesity, chronic pancreatitis and even age can put your dog at greater risk.⁵

6. Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a disease caused by the Leptospira bacteria. Symptoms include fever, lethargy and weakness, stomach pain, vomiting or kidney and liver failure. The bacteria can be picked up when a dog comes in contact with contaminated water, food or soil. Your veterinarian might recommend an optional Leptospirosis vaccine if your dog is at risk.¹

7. Canine influenza (dog flu)

Canine influenza, often known as "dog flu," is a Type A influenza that spreads among dogs and sometimes cats. It's super contagious and can be spread through the air, on surfaces or via objects. The symptoms are pretty similar to what people experience with the human flu:⁶

• Coughing
• Fever
• Runny nose
• Eye discharge
• Loss of appetite
• Lethargy or weakness
• Life-threatening pneumonia in serious cases

If you notice these symptoms, see a veterinarian right away. They'll be able to determine if it's influenza or a different illness with similar symptoms by using a PCR test. Treatment may include medication, fluids and antibiotics for secondary infections.⁶

There is a bivalent vaccine that helps lessen the severity of the two flu strains found in the U.S. However, it's usually only recommended for dogs at higher risk due to comorbidities or frequent exposure such as doggie daycare or kenneling.⁶

8. Allergies

Many dogs develop allergies at some point in their lives. Triggers can include food ingredients, pollen or something else in the environment, like dust, fleas or mold. Note that food allergies are much less common than environmental allergies in dogs. While most allergy cases are mild, there are rare cases where allergies (like to wasp or bee stings) lead to anaphylactic shock, requiring emergency care.⁷

Allergy symptoms may include:⁷

• Itchy skin or excessive licking of hot spots
• Hives
• Swelling or red, inflamed skin
• Diarrhea or vomiting
• Sneezing or runny eyes
• Ear infections

Your veterinarian will customize treatment based on your dog's needs. It might include prescription allergy medications, antihistamines, cortisones, a medicated shampoo, supplements or a special diet.⁷

9. Obesity

It's estimated that more than 50% of dogs are overweight, making obesity the most prevalent disease that veterinarians see—and also the most preventable one. Obesity can put dogs at risk of developing joint issues, diabetes and other health problems. Your dog may be overweight if you can't feel their ribs or see a visible waist between their stomach and chest from the side.⁸

While obesity is typically caused by overfeeding, other conditions like hypothyroidism can contribute. Although you can sometimes help your dog lose weight by going for walks, it's very challenging to get a dog to lose weight via exercise alone. Many veterinarians won't even recommend starting very obese dogs on rigorous exercise regimens. Weight loss must be linked to portion control and eating less in order to be effective. Your veterinarian might also recommend a low-calorie dog food to help.⁸

10. Dental disease

More than 80% of dogs older than 3 have some form of dental disease. The most common form in canines is periodontal disease, while less than 10% of dental disease cases involve actual tooth decay.⁹

Periodontal disease occurs when the tissues around the tooth become inflamed or infected. It can begin as a simple case of gingivitis, but without treatment the infection can spread to the bone.⁹

The good news is that some cases can be prevented with daily toothbrushing. Your dog should also have routine dental cleanings at your veterinarian's office. In addition, some dog treats and chew toys can help delay plaque and tartar buildup, and special dental diet foods and water additives may help, too. Your veterinarian will recommend what is best for your pup.⁹

Top 10 common cat diseases

Just like dogs, cats can face different diseases and illnesses at some point in their lives. The most common include:

1. Feline upper respiratory infection (URI)

Feline upper respiratory infection (URI) is an umbrella term for various viruses and bacteria that cause similar symptoms, such as calicivirus, Bordetella, mycoplasma, chlamydia, herpes and rhinotracheitis. Symptoms may include:¹⁰

• Coughing
• Nasal congestion and discharge
• Sneezing
• Pink eye

Consult your veterinarian if you notice these symptoms. Treatments range from antibiotics to supportive care with an IV for severe cases. There are also core vaccines for some of the related viruses, like calicivirus and herpesvirus.¹⁰

 

2. Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) refers to a series of urinary tract issues that mostly affect male cats. FLUTD is distinct from urinary tract infections, which are more common in female cats and are caused by bacteria. FLUTD is caused by inflammation, not bacteria.

Symptoms of FLUTD include:¹¹

• Trouble urinating or peeing only small amounts at a time
• Crying while urinating
• Peeing outside the litter box
• Blood in the urine
• Licking the genital region

If you notice any of these symptoms, see your veterinarian right away. The cause of urinary issues in general can range from urinary stones to urinary tract infections, a urethral blockage, interstitial cystitis or something else. Treatment will vary based on the cause.¹¹

3. Dental disease

Dental disease is a common issue that many cats face, especially if they are middle-aged or older. Plaque and tartar buildup can lead to tooth loss. Some cats may even develop feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions, similar to a cavity in humans, where their body resorbs the outer layer of their tooth.¹²

Brushing your cat's teeth regularly can help prevent dental disease. Your veterinarian may also recommend regular professional dental cleanings.¹²

4. Kidney disease

Some cats may experience kidney issues as they age because kidney function tends to decline as they get older. Symptoms of kidney failure may include:¹²

• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Vomiting
• Weight loss and a diminished appetite

Kidney issues are serious, so see your veterinarian right away if you're at all concerned. Sometimes, supportive care and a prescription diet can help.¹²

Some breeds, like Persian cats, are also susceptible to polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Breeders today often test for the PKD gene.¹⁰

5. Hyperthyroidism

Middle-aged and older cats may develop hyperthyroidism, a condition that occurs when the thyroid is overactive. Symptoms can include weight loss, high blood pressure, a high heart rate, ravenous appetite or trouble breathing in more severe cases. Hyperthyroidism can be treated with medications, surgery and sometimes a prescription diet.¹²

6. Diabetes

Just like humans and dogs, cats can also develop diabetes, and obesity is a major risk factor.¹² If your cat needs to lose weight, it should be done gradually with approaches like exercise, healthier food and fewer treats. Your veterinarian can recommend the best strategy for your cat.¹³

Symptoms of diabetes may include peeing frequently, excessive thirst, weight loss, vomiting, dehydration or lethargy. Diabetes can turn serious fast, so see a veterinarian right away if you notice any of these symptoms. Treatment may include a restricted diet, tablets or insulin injections.¹²

7. Gastrointestinal issues

Unfortunately, gastrointestinal issues are fairly common in cats. Cat vomiting and diarrhea can be caused by a variety of scenarios, including:¹⁴

• Colitis (inflammation of the large intestine)
• Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach)
• Constipation
• Feline enteric coronavirus
• Cancer
• Gastrointestinal obstruction
• Ulcers
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Malabsorption
• Allergies
• Kidney issues
• Parasites or bacteria
• Other viral infections

It's important to see a veterinarian right away if you notice any gastrointestinal symptoms. A cat who stops eating for just a few days—even if they're still drinking enough water—is in danger of developing hepatic lipidosis, which can be fatal. This happens when the liver gets overwhelmed from trying to break down fat for energy. Obese cats are at even greater risk.¹⁵

8. Skin conditions

Cats are prone to numerous skin conditions. These may include (but aren't limited to):¹⁶

• External parasites, ticks or mites
• Ear polyps
• Food or environmental allergies that cause itchiness
• Skin cancer
• Dermatitis

Symptoms can range from hair loss to excessive grooming, itchiness, scaly or scabby patches on the skin under their fur, feline acne or head shaking. If allergies are the cause, you might notice other allergy symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea or sneezing. Your veterinarian may need to run tests to help narrow down the cause, such as a skin biopsy, skin culture or allergy test. Treatment will vary depending on the cause.¹⁶

9. Heartworm disease

Heartworm disease is rarer in cats than in dogs, but it can be serious when it happens. It occurs if your cat is bitten by an infected mosquito and the parasites lodge in the heart or lungs. Symptoms might include increased effort with breathing, coughing, vomiting or weight loss. The earlier it's caught, the better your cat's recovery chances.¹⁷

The good news is that a monthly heartworm preventive medicine can keep your cat safe.¹⁷

10. Cancer

Sadly, some cats will face a cancer diagnosis at some point in their lives, and many dogs will too. Symptoms in cats can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer, and might include vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, lethargy, coughing or a visible lump on your cat's skin.¹² The earlier it's caught, the better your cat's chances. Some of the more common types include:¹⁸

• Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma: This cancer often occurs in the jaw or oral cavity bones.
• Feline lymphoma: Prognosis and treatment depends on the type and where it's located.
• Soft-tissue sarcoma: This is a tumor of the skin or connective tissues.
• Mammary carcinoma: This is more common in cats who aren't spayed, but it can be seen in spayed cats too.

When diagnosing your cat, your veterinarian may need to do advanced diagnostics, such as imaging with ultrasound or MRI, biopsies or radiographs.¹⁹ Some methods may require general anesthesia to keep your cat still during the exam. MRIs are especially helpful for determining how far a tumor has extended into the muscle or other surrounding body parts.²⁰

Your cat's treatment will depend on the type of cancer, and may range from surgery to chemotherapy or radiation.

Pets Best can help keep your dog or cat healthy

Early detection is best when it comes to health issues that can affect your cat or dog. That's why it's so important to make sure your pet gets regular veterinary visits, consistent preventive care and all the recommended vaccinations.

Investing in pet insurance can also help you stay on top of your dog or cat's health. At Pets Best, our dog insurance plans and cat insurance plans can be customized for your pet's unique needs. In addition, Pets Best policyholders can speak to a veterinary expert anytime through a 24/7 Pet Helpline. This can be a big help when you have questions about your furry best friend's health.

Sources/Citations

1. “Disease risks for dogs in social settings," American Veterinary Medical Association, https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/disease-risks-dogs-social-settings, accessed December 19, 2023.

2. "Canine parvovirus," (2020), American Veterinary Medical Association, https://ebusiness.avma.org/files/productdownloads/MCM-ClientBrochures-20-CanineParvovirus.pdf, accessed December 19, 2023.

3. "Kennel cough," (7/2022), American Humane, https://www.americanhumane.org/fact-sheet/kennel-cough/, accessed December 19, 2023.

4. "Arthritis in dogs," Ryan Llera and Robin Downing, VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/arthritis-in-dogs, accessed December 19, 2023.

5. "Diabetes in dogs: Symptoms, causes & treatment," (4/2022), American Kennel Club, https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/diabetes-in-dogs/, accessed December 19, 2023.

6. “Canine influenza," American Veterinary Medical Association, https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/canine-influenza, accessed December 19, 2023.

7. "Types of dog allergies and how to treat them," (1/2024), American Kennel Club, https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/dog-allergies-symptoms-treatment/, accessed January 5, 2024.

8. "Obesity in dogs: signs, causes & what to do," (5/2022), Lake Norman at Mooresville Animal Hospital, https://www.mooresvilleanimalhospital.com/site/blog/2022/05/15/obesity-in-dogs, accessed December 19, 2023.

9. "Dental disease in dogs," Lorraine Hiscox and Jan Bellows, VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dental-disease-in-dogs, accessed January 3, 2024.

10. “Common disorders and diseases in kittens," Franny Syufy (4/2022), The Spruce Pets, https://www.thesprucepets.com/health-threats-to-kittens-555035, accessed December 19, 2023.

11. "Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), (8/2020), American Veterinary Medical Association, https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners/petcare/feline-lower-urinary-tract-disease, accessed December 19, 2023.

12. “10 common cat diseases & what you need to do," Joshua Montgomery (12/2023), BetterVet, https://bettervet.com/resources/pet-diseases/10-common-cat-diseases-every-pet-owner-must-know, accessed January 5, 2024.

13. "Cat obesity: How to help your cat lose weight,"(1/2022), Belton Veterinary Clinic, https://www.beltonvetclinic.com/services/cats/blog/cat-obesity-how-help-your-cat-lose-weight, accessed December 19, 2023.

14. "Disorders of the stomach and intestines in cats," Alice Defarges et al. (10/2022), Merck Veterinary Manual, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/digestive-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-stomach-and-intestines-in-cats, accessed December 19, 2023.

15. "Hepatic lipidosis: A serious problem when cats stop eating," Crystal Munguia (3/2023), University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, https://vetmed.illinois.edu/pet-health-columns/hepatic-lipidosis-when-cats-dont-eat/, accessed December 19, 2023.

16. "Cat dermatology," (5/2022), Metropolitan Veterinary Center, https://www.metrovetchicago.com/services/cats/cat-skin-conditions, accessed December 19, 2023.

17. "Heartworm in cats," (2023), American Heartworm Society, https://www.heartwormsociety.org/heartworms-in-cats, accessed December 19, 2023.

18. "Understanding cancer in cats," (4/2023), Morris Animal Foundation, https://www.morrisanimalfoundation.org/article/understanding-cancer-cats, accessed December 19, 2023.

19. "FAQ: How does a vet diagnose cancer in animals?" Lindsay Nichols (10/2023), Sage Veterinary Imaging, https://www.sageveterinary.com/blog/faq-how-does-a-vet-diagnose-cancer-in-animals, accessed December 19, 2023.

20. "What is veterinary diagnostic imaging for felines?" (4/2023), Ancare Veterinary Hospital, https://www.ancarevet.com/services/cats/feline-diagnostic-imaging, accessed December 19, 2023.