Reviewed by Dr. Fiona Lee
When you adopt a kitten, all you want to do is keep that wiggly little bundle of fur happy and healthy. If you're aware of the common kitten diseases and illnesses, you'll know what symptoms to watch for if your kitten isn't feeling well. If you think your kitten is sick, always visit your veterinarian right away for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Respiratory illnesses
Respiratory illnesses are common in kittens, including:
1. Feline upper respiratory infections
Upper respiratory infections refer to a variety of viruses and bacteria that cause similar symptoms.1 These include rhinotracheitis (described below), calicivirus (described below) and bacteria like Bordetella, mycoplasma and chlamydia.
Symptoms include sneezing, pink eye, coughing and nasal congestion.1 While antibiotics might be prescribed for infections, kittens with severe cases that lead to dehydration might need supportive care, including an IV.2
2. Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR)
Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) is caused by feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1).3 It's one of the most common respiratory diseases in cats and kittens. Once your kitten has this virus, she becomes a carrier and might get sick again in times of stress or illness. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, tiredness, poor appetite and eye issues.
3. Feline calicivirus (FCV)
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is highly contagious—in shelters, pet stores and catteries, 25% to 40% of cats might be carriers.4 It's most frequently seen in younger cats. While most cats fully recover, some strains can be deadly. Vaccines don't stop all infections but can reduce their severity.
Symptoms vary depending on the strain and may include sneezing, congestion, eye drainage, fever, tongue ulcers, lethargy, appetite loss, liver damage, crusting sores and even mild lameness.4 Treatment includes antibiotics for secondary infections and supportive care as needed, like IV fluids.
4. Feline pneumonia
Feline pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, a weak esophagus, fungi or inhaling a foreign object.5 Symptoms include fatigue, poor appetite, coughing, shortness of breath, congested breathing or gagging. But these are also symptoms of other illnesses, so your veterinarian will likely need to do a chest X-ray in order to accurately diagnose pneumonia.
Treatment includes antibiotics and supportive care, or possibly hospitalization with IV fluids and oxygen therapy.5
Gastrointestinal disorders
Kittens can also commonly encounter with a wide variety of gastrointestinal illnesses.
1. Feline panleukopenia (FPV)
Feline panleukopenia, also known as distemper, is a virus that can cause life-endangering vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and sepsis, in addition to attacking the bone marrow.1 Infected cats may need hospitalization for a chance at recovery. Because it's so widespread and dangerous, FPV is recommended as a core vaccine for kittens.6
2. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) develops from a feline coronavirus1 that attacks the digestive system.7 It's spread through feces and bodily fluids. It's normally mild, but can quickly become deadly if the coronavirus mutates into FIP and spreads to other organs. It's more common in cats younger than two years. Some purebred cats are at greater risk of developing FIP, including Bengals, Rex cats, Abyssinians, Ragdolls and Himalayans.1
While FIP is almost always fatal, a new antiviral called GS-441524 (not yet approved in the United States) is showing an 85% remission rate.8
3. Intestinal parasites
Kittens commonly catch intestinal parasites—like roundworms, hookworms and whipworms—from ingesting contaminated substances like feces or soil.9 For example, they can catch parasites by consuming infected worm eggs from soil in the environment, generally through normal grooming. Or kittens can catch them by nursing from a mother cat that was herself infected in late pregnancy—most kittens are infected this way. Intestinal parasites can also be caught by consuming a prey animal—usually a rodent—that is carrying developing worms. Tapeworms are caught from ingesting fleas.
While tapeworms and whipworms pose a minimal risk to your kitten, hookworms and roundworms can cause severe disease.9 Symptoms include stomach issues, lessened ability to absorb nutrients from food, blood loss leading to severe anemia or respiratory problems.
Your veterinarian will use a deworming treatment, and will likely recommend a parasite preventive.9 Keeping your cat indoors can decrease her risk.
To disinfect your home after an infection, wash your bedding and linens in hot water with bleach. Steam clean carpets and upholstery, and wash floors and surfaces with a mix of one cup of bleach per one gallon of water.10
4. Giardia and coccidia
Giardia and coccidia are single-celled parasites caught from contaminated soil, feces, food or water.9 Both can reduce your kitten's ability to absorb nutrients. Symptoms may include diarrhea, appetite loss, weakness or dehydration. Kittens are particularly at risk because they may have no immunity to these parasites. Routine fecal testing can diagnose them.
Skin conditions
Kittens can also pick up a number of skin infections.
1. Fleas and ticks
It's much easier to stop kittens from catching fleas in the first place by using a preventive medicine than trying to clear up an infestation after it's in your home. Kittens are particularly at risk from fleas since they can develop anemia from fleas or catch other diseases.1 If your kitten develops a flea allergy, symptoms may include excessive itching, skin lesions and bald spots.11
Your kitten may be given an oral medicine to kill the adult fleas quickly. Since the flea spends most of its time off your pet, you'll also need to get rid of the fleas in your environment by using pet-safe flea treatments in your home and yard, and by thoroughly vacuuming your home.11
If your kitten gets ticks, they could be at risk of Lyme disease or other tick-borne illnesses.12 Symptoms can include stiff joints, fever, loss of appetite, lethargy or anemia. Brush your kitten regularly to watch for signs of ticks.
2. Feline scabies (mange)
Mites can cause a skin disease in kittens called feline scabies.6 This is more common in kittens who are outdoors or live in warmer, urban regions of the U.S. Your veterinarian will perform a painless skin scraping to diagnose it.
The main symptom is excessive itchiness, especially around the head, neck, ears, tail and hocks.6 You might also notice crusting, scabs or bald spots. To treat scabies, your veterinarian will recommend a prescription medication, and possibly antibiotics for infections or corticosteroids for inflammation.
3. Ringworm
Despite its name, ringworm is actually a fungal infection.13 It can look like bald or scaly patches on your kitten's skin, often on the face, tail, feet or ear tips. It can also look like small bumps on the skin or larger, open sores. It spreads through contact with contaminated objects. Your veterinarian will recommend a fungal treatment.
4. Feline acne
Kittens can get feline acne, which looks like dirt on your cat's chin, or black dots or red bumps.14 In chronic cases, it may form larger lesions and lead to hair loss. Acne happens when the hair follicles get clogged, but the inciting cause can vary. Your cat may need antibiotics, facial wipes or topical shampoo. You can cut down on the risk by using stainless steel, glass or ceramic food and water bowls.
5. Allergies and dermatitis
Allergies to anything like pollen, mold, dust mites, tobacco smoke or food can cause atopic dermatitis.15 Symptoms often begin between six months and three years of age. They can include excessive itching, hair loss, scabs or raised plaques on the skin. Treatment may involve trying to restrict exposure to the allergen, along with using cortisone medication and antihistamines.
Eye problems
Some kittens can develop eye problems, including:
1. Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
Feline herpesvirus-1 causes feline viral rhinotracheitis, which can sometimes present as an eye disease.3 You may notice inflammation, corneal scratches (ulcers) or dry eyes. Your kitten may be given topical eye medicine, antiviral drops, an L-lysine supplement or antibiotics for secondary infections.
2. Conjunctivitis
Also called pink eye, this is a common infection caused by bacteria, viruses or even allergies.16 Symptoms include redness, swelling, squinting, discharge that's white or yellow or pawing at the eye. Treatment depends on the cause and can include antibiotics, steroids or anti-inflammatories.
3. Corneal ulcer
If your kitten's cornea is scratched, it's called a corneal ulcer.17 Symptoms can include pawing at the eye, redness, discharge or squinting. You may be given topical eye drops or antibiotics. In rare cases, surgery is needed.
Other common diseases and conditions for kittens
There are a few additional issues kittens may face that you'll want to be aware of:
1. Urinary tract issues
You may think that urinary tract issues only affect older cats, but they can affect kittens, too.2 These include urinary tract infections,18 cystitis (inflamed bladder) and bladder stones (more common and life-threatening in male kittens and cats.)2
Symptoms include difficulty peeing, peeing outside the litter box, crying when peeing, blood in the urine or urinating more frequently.18 See a veterinarian right away if you notice any of these issues.
2. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) attacks your kitten's immune system, making secondary illnesses more likely.15 It's similar to HIV in humans in terms of its effect on the immune system. Many kittens and cats have perfectly normal lives while they're asymptomatic. However, they shouldn't be allowed around noninfected cats, and they should always be kept indoors.
As the virus progresses, they may struggle with illnesses that don't harm healthy cats. A noncore vaccine is available, but it's only recommended for high-risk outdoor cats or those living with other FIV-positive cats.1
3. Feline leukemia (FeLV)
Feline leukemia (FeLV) is a dangerous disease that suppresses the immune system.15 Kittens are more susceptible to catching it. It's easily spread through grooming, sharing dishes or litter or from a mother cat nursing her kittens.1
Symptoms are wide-ranging. FeLV can cause blood disorders, cancer, loss of appetite, poor coat, fever, eye problems, diarrhea and deadly infections.15 Infected cats should get twice-yearly veterinarian visits to help reduce complications.19 A noncore vaccine is only recommended for outdoor cats or cats at high risk.
4. Congenital deafness
Congenital deafness is more common in white-colored kittens with two blue eyes.1 A kitten who meows too loudly or plays overly aggressively might be deaf. They can still live happy lives, but you'll need to take care not to startle them.
5. Heartworm disease
This parasite is spread by mosquitoes and can lodge in your cat's heart or lungs.15 It can be life-threatening. A regular heartworm preventive can keep your cat safe.
6. Feline obesity
Yes, it's possible for kittens to be overweight. When it happens, it's typically due to overfeeding, giving too many treats or your kitten not being active enough.20 However, you shouldn't jump to conclusions, because growing kittens need a lot of food. Instead, talk to your veterinarian.
Pets Best can help keep your kitten stay healthy
Kittens are at risk of many illnesses and diseases. But by visiting your veterinarian regularly and getting all the vaccines your kitten needs, problems can be detected early. If your kitten doesn't seem like herself, don't take any chances. Visit your veterinarian right away.
Insuring your pet early in life with pet insurance can help protect your kitten from diseases and illnesses she may encounter growing up. At Pets Best, our cat insurance plans can be customized for your pet's unique needs. In addition, Pets Best policyholders can speak to a veterinary expert anytime through a 24/7 Pet Helpline. This can be a big help when you have questions about your kitten's health.
Sources/Citations
1. “Common Disorders and Diseases in Kittens," Franny Syufy (4/2022), The Spruce Pets, https://www.thesprucepets.com/health-threats-to-kittens-555035, accessed August 17, 2023.
2. “10 Common Cat Diseases & What You Need to Do," (2/2022), BetterVet, https://bettervet.com/resources/pet-diseases/10-common-cat-diseases-every-pet-owner-must-know, accessed August 17, 2023.
3. “Herpesvirus Infection in Cats (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis)," Malcolm Weir, Krista Williams and Cheryl Yuill (n.d.), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/feline-herpesvirus-infection-or-feline-viral-rhinotracheitis, accessed August 17, 2023.
4. “Feline Calicivirus," (9/2021), Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute/our-research/feline-calicivirus, accessed August 17, 2023.
5. “Pneumonia," (2020), Fenton River Veterinary Hospital, https://www.fentonrivervet.com/wp-content/uploads/Pneumonia.pdf, accessed August 17, 2023.
6. “AAHA-AVMA Feline Preventive Healthcare Guidelines," American Veterinary Medical Association, https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/aaha-avma-feline-preventive-healthcare-guidelines, accessed August 17, 2023.
7. “Feline Infectious Peritonitis," (2020), Fenton River Veterinary Hospital, https://www.fentonrivervet.com/wp-content/uploads/Feline_Infectious_Peritonitis.pdf, accessed August 17, 2023.
8. “Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)," Stephanie Sorrell et al. (5/2022), International Cat Care, https://icatcare.org/app/uploads/2022/05/FIP-pet-owner-brochure-FINAL-V2-1.pdf, accessed August 17, 2023.
9. “Intestinal Parasites in Cats and Dogs," (1/2022), American Veterinary Medical Association, https://ebusiness.avma.org/files/productdownloads/mcm-client-brochures-intestinal-parasites-2022-1.pdf, accessed August 17, 2023.
10. “My Dog Has Tapeworms: How Do I Clean My House? (2023 Guide)," Nicole Cosgrove (8/2023), Pet Keen, https://petkeen.com/dog-has-tapeworms-how-to-clean-house/, accessed August 17, 2023.
11. “Flea Allergy Dermatitis in Dogs and Cats," Michael W. Dryden (10/2022), Merck Veterinary Manual, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/fleas-and-flea-allergy-dermatitis/flea-allergy-dermatitis-in-dogs-and-cats, accessed August 17, 2023.
12. “Ticks and Your Cat," Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/ticks-and-your-cat, accessed August 17, 2023.
13. “Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) in Cats," Sandra R. Merchant (10/2022), Merck Veterinary Manual, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/skin-disorders-of-cats/ringworm-dermatophytosis-in-cats, accessed August 17, 2023.
14. “Cat Acne," Laci Schaible (10/2021), PetMD, https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/skin/c_ct_acne, accessed August 17, 2023.
15. "Atopic Dermatitis (Atopy) in Cats," Malcolm Weir and Catherine Barnette (n.d.), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/inhalant-allergies-atopy-in-cats, accessed September 5, 2023.
16. “Kitten & Cat Conjunctivitis," (2/2023), AnimERge, https://www.animergevets.com/site/blog/2023/02/28/conjunctivitis-in-cats#, accessed August 17, 2023.
17. “Corneal Ulcers in Cats," Laci Schaible (10/2021), PetMD, https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/eyes/c_ct_corneal_ulcers, accessed August 17, 2023.
18. “Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)," (1/2021), Animal Medical Center, https://www.amcny.org/pet_health_library/feline-lower-urinary-tract-disease-flutd/, accessed August 17, 2023.
19. “Facts About Feline Leukemia Virus," Julie Edgar (11/2022), WebMD, https://www.webmd.com/pets/cats/facts-about-feline-leukemia-virus, accessed August 17, 2023.
20. “Kitten Growth & Development: First Year Milestones," (12/2020), Bond Vet, https://bondvet.com/b/kitten-growth, accessed August 17, 2023.