Neurological Issues in Dogs

Reviewed by Dr. Fiona Lee

Neurological health plays a crucial role in your dog's overall well-being. Just like humans, dogs can experience a range of neurological issues that impact their mobility, behavior and quality of life.¹ Witnessing your furry friend struggle can be distressing, but early detection paired with proper care often leads to better outcomes.² Understanding the types of neurological issues your dog may face, along with the most common symptoms, can help you recognize problems earlier and get your pup to a veterinarian right away.

Overview of the Canine Neurological System

The canine nervous system is a complex network that includes the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. This system controls movement, sensory perception and essential bodily functions.¹

Your dog's neurological system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves outside the CNS that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.¹

The CNS is primarily responsible for processing information (like when your dog learns commands), coordination and making voluntary muscle movements. It also controls involuntary functions like breathing and blood pressure.²

The PNS transmits signals between the CNS and the body, enabling actions like walking, wagging the tail or responding to a pat on the head. This also means it helps regulate autonomic functions like digestion and heart rate.²

Healthy neurological function in both the CNS and PNS is vital for your dog's well-being and health.²

Common Neurological Issues in Dogs

Below are some of the most common neurological issues that dogs might face.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy in dogs is characterized by recurring seizures. The symptoms of these seizures can range from shaking to full-body convulsions, loss of consciousness or strange behaviors.³ Dogs may also lose control of their bladders or bowels while having a seizure.¹

Epilepsy can be divided into two main types:

• Idiopathic epilepsy: No identifiable cause; typically inherited.¹
• Secondary epilepsy: Caused by underlying conditions such as brain tumors, infection or trauma.²

Breeds prone to epilepsy include Beagles, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers.²

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

A dog develops IVDD when their intervertebral discs bulge, degenerate or herniate, causing compression of the spinal cord and disrupting nerve function. Symptoms of IVDD include back pain, reluctance to do normal actions like jump or use stairs, weakness in limbs (sometimes to the point of not being able to walk), not being able to urinate on their own or walking on the tops of their paws.¹

Breeds at higher risk include Dachshunds, French Bulldogs, Basset Hounds, Beagles and Cocker Spaniels.¹ Corgis are also at higher risk.²

Meningitis, encephalitis and encephalomyelitis

Meningitis, encephalitis and encephalomyelitis are all diseases in dogs that involve inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These can be caused by bacterial, fungal or viral infections; parasites; or autoimmune conditions.¹

Symptoms include fever, tremors, circling when walking or trouble walking, head pressing, seizures or blindness. Early intervention is crucial.¹

Vestibular disease

Vestibular disease affects balance and coordination, leading to symptoms like head tilt, jerking eye movement, dizziness or nausea.¹

Two distinct types are:⁴

• Peripheral vestibular disease: More common. Can result from inner ear issues that affect balance, or often is idiopathic and happens in older dogs. While veterinarians don't know why some dogs get this, affected dogs often recover partially to completely.
• Central vestibular disease: Stems from brain disorders that cause balance issues. While most cases of peripheral vestibular disease resolve at least partially, central vestibular disease typically doesn't improve.

Wobbler's syndrome

Also called cervical spondylomyelopathy, this disease is caused by spinal cord compression in the neck. It can lead to foot dragging, neck pain or an uncoordinated, wobbly gait. Some breeds at higher risk include Rottweilers, Great Danes, Doberman Pinschers and Weimaraners.¹

Degenerative myelopathy

Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive disease affecting the spinal cord, primarily seen in older dogs. Symptoms often start with hind limb weakness and can gradually lead to paralysis. The disease is likely caused by a genetic mutation. While there's no treatment, a healthy lifestyle can help slow the degeneration.¹ German Shepherds are one of the breeds most likely to have the mutation.

Brain tumors

Brain tumors in dogs can either be primary (originating in the brain) or secondary (spread from a tumor or cancer in another part of the body). Common symptoms include circling, vision changes, head tilt, abnormal behavior, a wobbly gait or neck pain. While the exact cause is unclear, certain breeds are at higher risk, such as Boxers, Golden Retrievers, Scottish Terriers, Doberman Pinschers and Old English Sheepdogs.⁵

Canine cognitive dysfunction

This is a progressive cognitive decline that can happen as some dogs age. It's often compared to Alzheimer's in humans. Affected dogs may show disorientation, behavior changes, loss of memory or changes in their sleep patterns.²

Signs and Symptoms of Neurological Issues

The exact symptoms that a dog may exhibit can vary depending on the cause of the neurological issue. However, some common signs in dogs may include:¹

• Seizures
• Tremors or twitching
• Circling or head tilting
• Loss of balance or coordination
• Behavioral changes
• Confusion or disorientation (like getting stuck in corners)⁶
• Jerky or unusual eye movements⁶
• Foot dragging or paw knuckling⁶
• Pain or stiffness²
• Less responsiveness to touch³
• Loss of tongue or facial functions, even stopping blinking³
• Paralysis or weakness³
• Bladder or bowel control loss²
• Vision and hearing loss²

See a veterinarian if you notice any of these symptoms.

Causes of Neurological Issues

Neurological conditions in dogs can arise from a variety of factors, including:

• Genetic predisposition: Some breeds commonly at greater risk of neurological conditions include Boxers, Beagles, Miniature Schnauzers, King Charles Spaniels, Cocker Spaniels, Springer Spaniels, Miniature Poodles, Dachshunds, Great Danes, Maltese and Cavalier Kings.²
• Environmental influences: Toxins (like ingesting antifreeze or certain toxic foods), trauma (like getting hit by a car) and even certain types of infections can trigger neurological problems.¹
• Diseases: An underlying disease is often the culprit for neurological symptoms. For example, brain tumors and diseases like cancer are common causes.¹ Metabolic disorders like hypoglycemia and vascular diseases that interrupt blood flow, like strokes, are also culprits.²
• Autoimmune diseases: The immune system attacking nerve tissues can lead to conditions like meningitis.²
• Age-related changes: Senior dogs may experience nerve degeneration and increased susceptibility to neurological disorders due to age.² Puppies can be born with neurological disorders, such as hydrocephalus and certain types of epilepsy. Sometimes a birth defect may not be noticeable until a puppy is old enough to walk.⁷

Diagnosis and Testing

Veterinarians use a range of diagnostic tools to help evaluate a dog's neurological health, including:²

• Neurological exam: Assesses eye and head movement, hearing, balance and coordination, reflexes and evidence of pain.⁸
• Imaging (MRI or CT scan): Provides detailed views of the brain and spine.¹
• Spinal tap: Analyzes cerebrospinal fluid for infections or inflammation.
• Blood tests: Detect infections, metabolic disorders or other underlying conditions.
• Urinalysis: Tests for kidney problems and infections.
• Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies: Helps pinpoint certain nerve disorders.
• Genetic testing: Identify inherited neurological disorders or genetic mutations.

The tests your dog receives may depend on their symptoms and comorbidities. You may even be referred to a veterinary neurologist.¹

Treatment Options

The treatment your veterinarian recommends will depend on your dog's diagnosis. It may include:

Medications

Medications like anti-inflammatories, anti-seizure drugs, antibiotics or other prescriptions to treat infections; medications to treat symptoms like nausea; steroids; and pain management are all options.¹

Surgery

If medication's not enough, surgery may be needed to relieve spinal compression, remove tumors or correct abnormalities.¹

Radiation or chemotherapy

This may be recommended for certain types of cancers or tumors.⁵

Physical therapy and rehabilitation

Rehabilitation exercises and treatments like hydrotherapy, balance exercises and range of motion exercises can help improve mobility.²

Lifestyle and supportive care

Your veterinarian may recommend a more supportive environment, such as mobility aids and assistive devices like carts or slings.²

Supplements and diets

Your veterinarian may recommend supplements or a prescription diet to help symptoms like inflammation. Other prescription diets may even help slow cognitive dysfunction or reduce seizures.¹ If your dog doesn't need a prescription diet, your veterinarian may still recommend high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids for anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidants and proper hydration.²

Monitoring and regular checkups

For any serious disease, tracking progress with regular checkups and adjusting treatment plans are vital.²

Prognosis and Quality of Life

The prognosis for neurological issues can vary. Some conditions, like epilepsy, can be managed well with long-term medication. Others, like degenerative myelopathy, may progress over time even with treatment.¹ Either way, providing a safe, comfortable environment along with regular checkups can significantly enhance a dog's quality of life.

These tips can help you create the most supportive environment possible for your dog's mental and physical health:²

• Follow your veterinarian's recommendations and monitor your dog closely, maintaining regular checkups.
• Provide assistive devices as needed, like carts or slings.
• Remove hazards in your home. This might include using nonslip carpets on slick surfaces or providing ramps or pet stairs.
• Feed a balanced and nutritious diet that fits your dog's health needs.
• Maintain a structured routine free of stress and surprises.
• Use calming pheromones and other stress-reducing tactics as needed.
• Mental stimulation and playtime are vital for your dog, just like they would be for you. (Imagine lying in bed all day with nothing to do!) Let your dog be around the family, and provide puzzle toys and playtime. Dogs with mobility issues may want to sit in the grass outside and enjoy time with you.⁹

Dogs With Neurological Conditions Need Special Care

Neurological conditions in dogs are challenging, but early detection can make a difference. So be vigilant about symptoms and seek veterinary help right away if you notice any concerning signs. Proper treatment, combined with ongoing support and lots of love, is vital.

Pets Best Can Help You Keep Your Dog Healthy

Pet insurance is a great way to possibly help you protect your dog from neurological diseases and illnesses they may encounter growing up. At Pets Best, our dog insurance plans can be customized for your pet's unique needs. In addition, Pets Best policyholders can speak to a veterinary expert anytime through a 24/7 Pet Helpline.

Sources/ Citations

1. "Neurological disorders in dogs," Melissa Boldan (3/21/2023), PetMD, https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/neurological-disorders-dogs
2. "Neurological disorders in dogs: Causes, symptoms, treatments," Phil Good (4/24/2023), Beyond Pets Animal Hospital, https://beyondpets.com/pet-health-plus/neurological-disorders-in-dogs/
3. "Animal neurology: What are the common signs of neurological disorders in dogs?" (8/15/2024), BrightCare Veterinary Group, https://brightcarevet.com/animal-neurology/what-are-signs-of-neurological-disorders-in-dogs/
4. "Vestibular disease," (n .d.), Savannah Veterinary Care, https://www.savannahvetclinic.com/pet-health/neurological-health-/vestibular-disease/
5. "Brain tumors in dogs," Catherine Barnette and Robin Downing (2021), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/brain-tumors-in-dogs
6. "Does my pet have a neurological issue?" (8/20/2021), Veterinary Specialty Center of Tucson, https://www.vscot.com/site/blog/2021/08/20/neurological-issues-in-pets
7. "Congenital and inherited disorders of the nervous system in dogs," Rebecca A. Packer (9/2024), Merck Veterinary Manual, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders-of-dogs/congenital-and-inherited-disorders-of-the-nervous-system-in-dogs
8. "The neurological evaluation of dogs," Thomas Schubert (9/2024), Merck Veterinary Manual, https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders-of-dogs/the-neurologic-evaluation-of-dogs
9. "Rehabilitation of common neurological conditions," Shelly Jefferies (6/15/2022), Improve Veterinary Practice, https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/rehabilitation-common-neurological-conditions