Dog Breed Guide: Maltese

Reviewed by Dr. Fiona Lee

With their small stature, silken coat and outgoing personality, it's not hard to believe that Maltese were the rock stars of the Roman Empire. Roman aristocrats loved the breed—noblewomen famously tucked the petite pooches into their sleeves or blouses, making Maltese prized companions and fashion statements.¹

Today, their adorable appearance, small size, low-shedding coat and affectionate nature make Maltese popular pets for families and older adults.² While these dogs are cute and sweet, it's essential to understand their temperament, grooming needs and potential health issues before bringing home a Maltese. These little dogs can come with big responsibilities.

Breed Overview

Maltese are small dogs weighing less than 7 pounds and standing just 7 to 9 inches tall, making them part of the “toy" breed category. In fact, their small stature and long, silken white coat are one of their most identifiable traits.²

Maltese are often referred to as “hypoallergenic" because their non-shedding coats produce less dander than those of other breeds.³ The breed is known for being playful, affectionate and eager to make friends and show off their sweet personality. The breed has a lifespan of 12 to 15 years.²

History & Origin

The Maltese has ancient roots that likely trace back to around 1500 B.C., but its exact origin is debated. While some believe the breed is indigenous to the island of Malta, others suggest it may have descended from small dogs in regions ranging from Egypt to the Alps. Some theories even credit the Phoenicians—Mediterranean traders who predated ancient Greece—with introducing the breed to Malta.¹

Wherever the breed began, one thing is clear: The Maltese was adored. Roman aristocrats kept them as prized lapdogs, and Emperor Claudius reportedly owned one. Artifacts from the Roman Empire, including ceramics, depict Maltese-like dogs.¹ The breed was also celebrated for its role as a “comforter," believed by some to have healing powers. According to legend, the Maltese would rest on the pillows of the sick to help speed their recovery.⁴

After the fall of Rome, Chinese breeders helped preserve the breed, crossing it with dogs like the Tibetan Terrier and other Eastern breeds to refine its appearance.¹ The breed debuted at the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in New York in 1877,² and the American Kennel Club (AKC) registered the Maltese in 1888.¹ Today, the Maltese remains one of the AKC's top 40 most popular dog breeds.⁵

Appearance

The Maltese is instantly recognizable thanks to its small stature and signature coat. Standing 7 to 9 inches tall and weighing under 7 pounds, this toy breed is best known for its long, silky white coat; dark, expressive eyes; and small black nose.²

The coat is straight and flowing with no curl or kink, and it's always pure white.² When left untrimmed, the hair can grow nearly to the ground. For easier upkeep, owners may opt for a shorter, more manageable cut.⁶

Temperament & Personality

Like many toy breeds, the Maltese have small bodies and big personalities. Fearless and alert, they often act as enthusiastic little watchdogs—quick to sound the alarm at anything unusual. Beneath that initial brash exterior, however, they're charming, gentle little dogs.²

The breed is affectionate with their families and delights in turning people and pets into friends. Thanks to its small size and quiet, adaptable nature, the Maltese does well in apartments.²

Care & Grooming Needs

It's no surprise that maintaining the Maltese's elegant coat takes dedication. Daily grooming with a pin brush or stainless-steel comb is essential to prevent mats and keep their long hair silky and tangle-free.⁶

Maltese need occasional baths with shampoo and conditioner to prevent mats. After bath time, use a towel to remove excess water and a blow-dryer to thoroughly dry the coat, keeping the temperature on a low, warm—not hot—setting.⁶ Bathing can help remove tear stains that are common in dogs with white coats. A vet-recommended tear stain remover can also help.⁷

For a lower-maintenance option, many owners schedule regular visits with a professional groomer for a clipped coat, which keeps the Maltese looking its best.⁶

Maltese also have fast-growing nails that need routine trimming to prevent cracking, splitting, overgrowth or discomfort. Like many small breeds, Maltese are prone to dental disease, so a combination of at-home toothbrushing and regular dental exams with a veterinarian can keep their teeth and gums healthy.²

Exercise & Training

The Maltese may be small, but they can be little balls of energy. Daily walks or playtime in a fenced yard are usually enough to meet their physical exercise needs.²

Beyond physical activity, mental stimulation is key. Games, training exercises and puzzle toys can help keep this intelligent breed engaged and active. Despite their delicate looks, Maltese are surprisingly athletic and often enjoy dog sports like agility or competitive obedience. Their outgoing personalities also thrive in group settings like training classes or doggy playgroups.²

While Maltese are smart and capable of learning commands quickly, they can also be a bit headstrong and may not want to follow directions. A consistent dog training program using positive reinforcement—think treats, praise and play—can keep them motivated. Regular socialization is equally important to make Maltese feel comfortable with new people, pets and places.²

Health Problems & Common Issues

Although the Maltese is generally a hardy and adaptable breed, they are prone to several medical conditions.²

Luxating patella

Often referred to as a “slipped kneecap," this condition allows the kneecap to move out of place, causing discomfort or lameness. Some cases require no treatment, but severe cases may need surgery.⁸

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

The ductus arteriosus—the opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta—is supposed to close when newborn puppies take their first breath. In dogs with PDA, the ductus arteriosus does not close, which causes the blood to take a different path.⁹

This forces the heart to work harder and may lead to symptoms such as a heart murmur, labored breathing, poor exercise tolerance, or in severe cases, congestive heart failure. Surgery is typically required to treat PDA.⁹

Portosystemic shunt

A portosystemic shunt, also called a "liver shunt," diverts blood around the liver, preventing it from filtering toxins and processing nutrients. Affected dogs may experience stunted growth, vomiting, diarrhea, poor muscle development or excessive drinking and urination.¹⁰

Liver shunts are usually congenital and treatments include special diets, medications or surgery.¹⁰

Obesity

Like many small breeds, Maltese are prone to obesity.⁷ Dogs that are overweight or obese are at higher risk for developing health problems, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease and osteoarthritis. Avoid overfeeding the Maltese and work with a veterinarian to develop a tailored diet and exercise plan for weight loss.¹¹

Dental disease

Small dogs often have small jaws and crowded teeth, making them more prone to dental issues. Signs may include oral pain, head shaking, trouble swallowing, excessive drooling and bad breath.¹²

Daily brushing with dog-safe toothpaste, regular dental checkups and professional cleanings—along with dental chews or special diets—can help protect their oral health.¹²

5 Common Illnesses, Medical Conditions and Accidents for the Maltese*

*According to the number of 2024 dog insurance claims Pets Best receives

Lifespan & Aging Care

Maltese typically have a lifespan of 12 to 15 years.² Like all dogs, they need extra care and attention as they enter their senior years:¹³

• Schedule regular vet appointments that include routine blood and urine tests to screen for chronic, age-related diseases.
• Stay current on core vaccines, including rabies and leptospirosis, as recommended by your veterinarian.
• Monitor weight changes, which could be an early sign of disease.
• Provide a warm and comfortable bed in an easily accessible spot.
• Feed a high-quality, easy-to-digest diet and ensure constant access to fresh water.
• Call the vet if you notice increased urination, appetite changes, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss or any other health changes.

Maltese need a complete and balanced diet that's formulated for their life stage—puppy, adult or senior—and meets the standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). A veterinarian can recommend the right diet for a Maltese that accounts for their breed, size, age and health needs.⁷

Maltese puppies can be susceptible to low blood sugar, so it's important to feed them small meals three to four times daily until about 4 months of age. Adult Maltese typically do well with two meals per day: morning and evening.⁷

Always check the food label for the recommended serving size based on weight, and avoid overfeeding. Small dogs like the Maltese are prone to weight gain, which can increase their risk of obesity-related health problems.⁷

Is a Maltese Right for You?

Maltese have charmed people for centuries with their elegant looks and affectionate personalities. But before bringing one home, it's important to understand what goes into their care.

This moderately energetic breed thrives on regular exercise, consistent training and plenty of social interaction. And don't forget about grooming—daily brushing is essential, and regular trips to a professional groomer are key to keeping their signature coat looking its best.

Pets Best offers dog insurance plans that may help you cover the cost of unexpected vet visits and keep your Maltese healthy. As a policyholder, you have access to the free 24/7 Pet Helpline, where veterinary experts are available to answer questions and support your Maltese's well-being every step of the way.

Sources/ Citations

1. “Maltese History: From Ancient Myths to the World' First 'Fad,'" (4/2024), American Kennel Club, https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/maltese-history/
2. “Maltese," (n.d.), American Kennel Club, https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/maltese/
3. “Best Dog Breeds for People with Allergies," (3/2024), American Kennel Club, https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/hypoallergenic-dog-breeds/
4. “Maltese," (n.d.), Wag! https://wagwalking.com/breed/maltese
5. “The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2024," Melanie Haid (3/2025), American Kennel Club, https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-2024/
6. “Maltese Grooming," (n.d.), American Maltese Association, https://americanmaltese.org/site-page/maltese-grooming
7. “Maltese," Teresa Kho-Pelfrey (10/2024), PetMD, https://www.petmd.com/dog/breeds/maltese
8. “Luxating Patella in Dogs," Malcolm Weir et al. (2022), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/luxating-patella-in-dogs
9. “Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs," Courtney Barnes et al. (2024), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/patent-ductus-arteriosus-in-dogs
10. “Portosystemic Shunt in Dogs," Malcolm Weir et al. (2024), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/portosystemic-shunt-in-dogs
11. “Obesity in Dogs," Sarah K. Abood et al. (2024), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/obesity-in-dogs
12. “Dental Disease in Dogs," Courtney Barnes et al. (2024), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dental-disease-in-dogs
13. “Senior Dog Care—Special Considerations," Malcolm Weir et al. (2022), VCA Animal Hospitals, https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/senior-dog-care-special-considerations-for-dogs